Kulit buah delima (Punica granatum L.) diketahui memiliki kandungan asam elegat dan asam galat yang menghambat enzim tirosinase, serta punicalagin yang menghambat reaksi oksidasi L-tirosin dan L-DOPA dalam mekanisme pembentukan melanin sebagai penyebab dari hiperpigmentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formulasi sediaan krim antihiperpigmentasi yang mengandung ekstrak kulit buah delima. Metode penelitian meliputi ekstraksi kulit buah delima, formulasi sediaan krim antihiperpigmentasi, evaluasi fisik sediaan, pengujian aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase, pengujian cemaran mikroba, dan ujian iritasi sediaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah delima dapat diformulasikan menjadi krim antihiperpigmentasi yang baik, efektif, dan aman. Namun, krim yang mengandung ekstrak kulit buah delima 1% menunjukkan ketidakstabilan fisik. Sediaan krim dengan berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah delima (0,5% dan 1%) efektif menghambat enzim tirosinase dengan nilai IC50 berturut-turut sebesar 363 ppm dan 290 ppm. Kata kunci: Antihiperpigmentasi, ekstrak kulit buah delima, krim

Kompleksitas patogenesis kanker membuat kanker sulit untuk menemukan target terapi yang tepat, sehingga tingkat keberhasilan obat baru dalam uji klinis rendah. Oleh karena itu, studi pengembangan teknik intervensi yang baru untuk pasien kanker sangat penting. Large-type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT-1) diekspresikan secara berlebihan dalam sel kanker jika dibandingkan dengan sel normal, hal ini menjadikannya salah satu target molekuler khusus untuk terapi kanker. Fungsi LAT-1 adalah memberikan nutrisi pada sel kanker untuk berkembang biak secara masif sehingga penghambatan LAT-1 dapat dijadikan alternatif terapi kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan senyawa potensial yang akan digunakan untuk radioteranostik dengan dua senyawa inhibitor LAT-1 sebagai senyawa pembawa, yaitu 5-Benzyloxytryptophan (5-BOTP) dan asam (S)-2-amino-4-(3,5-diklorofenil) butanoat (ADPB) yang dikonjugasikan dengan senyawa linker dan berbagai agen pengkelat bifungsional (BFCA) terhadap situs antiporter LAT-1. Metode penelitian terdiri dari mode pengikatan senyawa 5-BOTP dan ADPB terkonjugasi dengan LAT-1, simulasi penambatan molekuler, dan analis pre-ADMET. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 5-BOTP-6AHA-H2CB-DO2A dan ADPB-6AHA-H2CB-DO2A memiliki afinitas terbaik dan kompleks pengikatan yang terbaik dengan LAT-1 sehingga keduanya berpotensi sebagai agen radioteranostik kanker dengan menghambat LAT-1.Kata kunci: Kanker, radioteranostik, LAT-1, 5-Benzyloxytryptophan, asam (S)-2-amino-4-(3,5-diklorofenol) butanoat.

Lung cancer is genetic changes in the V-Ki-ras2 gene Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog(KRAS), which is involved in signaling pathways related to proliferation, cell differentiation, andapoptosis. Point mutations in the KRAS gene were detected in 15% to 20% of all Non-Small Cell LungCarcinoma (NSCLCs) and about 30% of lung adenocarcinomas, with the most common mutation beingat codon 12. This study aimed to determine the binding reaction between diterpene-type cembranoidcompounds from tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and KRAS in human lung cancer. We foundthe presence of a cembranoid-type diterpene active compound in the form of thunbergol (C20H34O)with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) examination. Based on the resultsof molecular docking, it was found that the diterpene-type cembranoid ligand binds to the KRASreceptor with a yield of G -7.0 kcal/mol, pKi 7.35 M, one hydrogen bond with type ILE36 (1,937 Å).In conclusion, diterpene-type cembranoid can be considered an anticancer compound because of themolecular interaction with cembranoid-type diterpene through cell proliferation and differentiationpathways, as well as apoptosis.

Nano-fitosom merupakan suatu teknologi nano yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan bioavailabilitas bahan aktif yang terkandung dalam tanaman dengan cara mengikat bahan aktif dengan fosfolipid yang memiliki sifat mirip dengan membran sel. Nano-fitosom dibuat dengan mencampurkan fitokonstituen dan fosfatidilkolin dalam perbandingan molar tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan formula nano-fitosom serbuk liofilisasi seduhan teh hitam (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze). Nano-fitosom diformulasikan dengan membuat tiga variasi perbandingan katekin:fosfatidilkolin:kolesterol mulai dari 1:1:0,2 (F1), 1:2:0,2 (F2), dan 1:3:0,2 (F3) dengan menggunakan metode refluks. Evaluasi nano-fitosom meliputi ukuran partikel, indeks polidispersitas, dan efisiensi penjerapan. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa ukuran partikel nano-fitosom sekitar 52,1-101,9 nm dengan nilai indeks polidispersitas 0,309-0,404. Efisiensi penjerapan berkisar antara 6,7266%-11,4317%. Formula nano-fitosom dengan efisiensi penjerapan yang paling baik yaitu F3 dengan perbandingan molar katekin:fosfatidilkolin:kolesterol 1:3:0,2 dengan ukuran partikel sebesar 52,1±12,5 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0,320 dan efisiensi penjerapan 11,4317±0,3153%. Analisis data menggunakan One-Way Anova menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh konsentrasi fosfatidilkolin terhadap efisiensi penjerapan secara signifikan (p < 0,05).Kata kunci: nano-fitosom, fosfatidilkolin, serbuk liofilisasi, teh hitam (Camellia sinensis)

The rising incidence of bone injuries necessitates researching and developing safe bone replacement materials. Chitosan biopolymer is one of the available materials. Because it is non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, chitosan can be employed as a bone scaffold material. According to the European Pharmacopeia 6.0 (Eur: Ph 6.0), chitosan, with a deacetylation level of more than 70%, is safe for medicinal usage. The purpose of this research was to analyze the  characteristics of chitosan isolated from nacre and the influence of nacre powder mass  on the degree of deacetylation of  chitosan. Chitosan was extracted by the processes of deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. Organoleptic tests, yield calculations for each stage, examination of the degree of deacetylation, creation of functional groups, and vibrational modes based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data were performed on the isolated chitosan. The produced chitosan exhibited the properties of being beige color, odorless, and in powder form. The yield of insulation results obtained by the mass of chitosan. 3.7 % of the mass of nacre powder. The resultant chitosan has the formation of hydroxyl (OH) and amine (NH2) groups and vibrational stretching and bending modes. The variation in nacre powder mass throughout the isolation procedure altered the degree of deacetylation of the resultant chitosan and the wave number spectra of the hydroxyl (OH) and amine (NH2) groups. Chitosan, with a mass of 80 grams of nacre powder and a value of 76.94%, exhibited the highest degree of deacetylation. Considering that the functional groups generated in chitosan are comparable to those in bone, chitosan is a potential material for bone scaffolds.

Kayu jawa (Lannea coromandelica) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang banyak digunakan secara empiris oleh masyarakat di Sulawesi Selatan sebagai obat tradisional karena memiliki efek farmakologis seperti antiinflamasi yang merupakan respon protektif normal terhadap berbagai proses fisiologis di dalam tubuh serta memiliki efek biologis yang dapat bekerja pada target molekul. Inflamasi adalah respon perlindungan normal terhadap cedera jaringan yang disebabkan oleh trauma fisik, bahan kimia berbahaya, atau agen mikrobiologi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui senyawa kimia apakah pada tanaman Kayu jawa (Lannea coromandelica) yang berpotensi sebagai antiinflamasi dengan mekanisme penghambatan reseptor TNF-α dan COX-2. Metode penelitian ini adalah  in silico menggunakan metode molecular docking dengan perangkat lunak Autodock. Tahapan penelitian antara lain simulasi doking reseptor dengan ligan uji kemudian di validasi, setelah itu di visualisasi menggunakan  discovery studio, kemudian dilanjutkan pada tahapan data analisis serta prediksi ADME. Adapun hasil penelitian Senyawa 3-hydroxy-4’,5,7-trimethoxyflavanone terhadap COX-2 dan senyawa uji morin terhadap TNF-α berpotensi sebagai antiinflamasi dengan kemampuan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan liga alami untuk berkatan dengan sisi aktif pda reseptor target. Selanjutnya penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi pilot project produksi sediaan obat antiinflamasi yang dapat digunakan oleh masyarakat luas

Atenolol is a cardiovascular drug that has a narrow therapeutic index with long-term use and it’s often used as doping. Atenolol has a small concentration in human boby and it’s in  biological matrix (serum) so in the testing need a selective extraction so  the analyte can be pra-concentration and removed from matrix. Two molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on propanol as porogen  have been made with two different methods i.e. bulk polymerization and precipitation polymerization. The polymer was made using atenolol as a template, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker. Prformance evaluations showed that polymers from bulk polymerization provide better performance than polymers from precipitation polymerization when tested against standard solution. However, this sorbent has low  recovery percentage after applied into serum sample and could not be used as alternative for atenolol extraction in human serum.Key words: Molecularly imprinted polymer, Atenolol, Solid Phase Extraction, Preparation  method, propanol.

Allicin, the main bioactive compound in garlic, contributes to its pharmacological effects. Monitoring the physical and chemical stability of herbal preparations is essential for ensuring product quality. This study aimed to evaluate the stability of a polyherbal suspension containing garlic, lemon, red ginger, honey, and apple cider vinegar. The suspension was assessed for physical properties (pH, viscosity, specific gravity, and particle dispersion) and chemical stability, focusing on thiosulfinate (TS) content. Measurements were taken over a period of five weeks under three different storage temperatures. TS levels were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The suspension had a specific gravity of 1.114 ± 0.002 g/mL and a pH of 3.74 ± 0.03. Both storage time and temperature significantly influenced pH, viscosity, and TS content (p<0.05), though all remained within acceptable pharmaceutical limits. TS degradation followed second-order kinetics. The polyherbal suspension demonstrated good physical stability over a five-week period. However, TS levels declined over time at all storage temperatures, indicating a trend toward reduced chemical stability.

Musculoskeletal atrophy causes an increase in advanced glycation end products, a proinflammatory phenotype, and oxidative stress, which can lead to micro- and macrovascular complications.This can cause loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, potentially leading to sarcopenia. Herbal medicines have been proven to be able to treat various diseases in humans, herbal medicines have the potential to increase skeletal muscle mass. There are various genes that have been induced by herbal medicines to prevent muscle atrophy in chronic diseases. It is necessary to explain the molecular mechanisms of the role of herbal medicines in preventing muscle atrophy due to chronic diseases. This study explores the biomolecular mechanisms of each herbal medicine based on the pathways of inflammation, protein synthesis, apoptosis, autophagy, and glucose uptake in T2DM mice. The research results show that herbal medicine can potentially activate 81 gene expressions that can prevent muscle atrophy in T2DM mouse models. Keywords: biomolecular, herbal medicine, musculoskeletal atrophy, type 2 diabetes

Domperidone is a prokinetic and antiemetic agent which has low bioavaibility. To increase the bioavaibility of drug, it can be modified into microsphere that can hold drug more longer in gastric to improve the bioavaibility. The microsphere preparation requires a polymer that can make matrix system to protect and deliver the drugs. Acrycoat S100 and HPMC K4M are the usual polymers that used for encapsulation and  have biodegradable characteristic. The aim of this research is to know the comparison ability of two different polymers to entrapment the drug in microsphere. Microsphere domperidone made by solvent evaporation method in 6 formula. F1, F2 and F3 using 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg Acrycoat S100 polymer, while F4, F5 and F6 using 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg HPMC K4m polymer. The tests were conducted by the determination of the percentage of entrapment efficiency using UV spectrophotometer and evaluation of organoleptic, particle measurement and surface microsphere morphology. The results showed that F3 with Acrycoat S100 polymer has a greater entrapment efficiency of 78,712% ± 4,260% compared to the highest percentage efficiency of HPMC K4M polymer of 4,734±0,390.Key words: Acrycoat S100, domperidone, entrapment efficiency, HPMC K4M, microsphere

Body odor of human skin usually occur due to excessive production of sweat glands couples with the presence of bacteria. The active ingredient to prevent body odor are chemicals materials from alum or sodium in order to have negative effects such as skin irritation, Alzheimer disease, prostate and breast cancer. Natural materials technology has been development as an active agent by using cucumber (Cucumis sativus .L). The purpose of this research to conduct a deodorant roll on a stable and qualified physical quality and also develop the use of extract cucumber as an antibacterial Staphylococcus epidermidis. Cucumber extraction has been done by maceration with ethanol 70% for 4 days and then divided into three formulation extract (5%, 10%, and 20% (b/v)). All of the formulations has been tested by zone inhibition, organoleptic, homogenity, pH, viscosity and irritation test. The results given that all of the formulations meet the quality requirements of physical and the best formulation extract 20% able to inhibit bacterial by 26 mm as a largest diameter of the inhibitory zone. In addition the stability of deodorant roll on form were performed accelerated stability test for 35 days at room temperature (28°C) and 40°C. The test results indicate that the stability of the extract 10% quali ed physical quality during storage at room temperature (28°C) and high temperature (40°C) for 35 days. While in the extract 20% at high temperature (40oC) physical changes characterized by the deposition. Keyword : cucumber, deodorant roll on, antibacteria

The use of syringe-administered vaccines has significantly increased immunization coverage among children. Still, pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children under five worldwide, accounting for over 70% of fatalities in this age group. To address challenges such as needle phobia, transdermal drug delivery systems offer a promising, minimally invasive alternative for both local and systemic medication administration. This study focuses on developing and evaluating a nata de sago-hyaluronic acid cellulose microneedle formulation for the transdermal delivery of pneumonia vaccines in children. The study consisted of preparing nata de sago, cellulose suspension, microneedle fabrication, and subsequent characterization and effectiveness testing. Results showed that the microneedle reached swelling equilibrium with a swelling degree of 1. Diffusion tests revealed a drug release rate of 1.173% within 90 minutes, successfully penetrating the stratum corneum. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed an average microneedle length of 763.6 μm and a width of 191.7 μm for Pin 12, demonstrating its suitability for transdermal application. These findings highlight the nata de sago-hyaluronic acid microneedle as a well-designed and effective platform for pneumococcal vaccine delivery, offering a novel solution to improve pediatric immunization and address key challenges in child healthcare.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaf essential oil contains terpenoid compounds that have antibacterialactivity. This study aims to obtain hand cream preparations of basil essential oil, as well as to determinethe effect of concentration variation of liquid paraffin on the results of the evaluation of the preparation.In this study, three formulations of hand cream preparations of basil essential oil were made withthree variations in the concentration of liquid paraffin, namely F1 (9%), F2 (10%), and F3 (11%).Furthermore, the preparation was evaluated for 28 days at room temperature (15-300C) and humidity(60-80%) which included organoleptic, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, and type of emulsion.The results showed that formulas F1, F2, and F3 met all the requirements of organoleptic, pH, viscosity,homogeneity, spreadability, and type of emulsion. The results of the statistical analysis showed thatvariations in liquid paraffin concentrations had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the evaluation ofviscosity and did not significantly affect the evaluation of organoleptic, evaluation of pH, evaluation ofhomogeneity, evaluation of spreadability, and evaluation of emulsion type.

Microcrystalline cellulose is the most used material for medicine, which able to be found in fibrous plants. Microcrystal celluloses are being used as filler or binder in dosage formulas in tablets and capsules. This research aimed to produce microcrystalline cellulose from ramie based on pharmaceutical grade parameters. Research method include hemp fiber preparation, α-cellulose isolation, microcrystalline cellulose production, and microcrystalline cellulose characterization which compare with Avicel® PH 102 . Result shown microcrystalline cellulose yield is 57.26%. The result of physicochemical characterization that can comply the specifications of pharmaceutical grade as a pharmaceutical excipient.  Keywods :  Microcrystalline cellulose, Ramie, physicochemical, pharmaceutical grade.

Propolis ear drops are natural antioxidants that have been developed for various health purposes. There are many types of propolis ear drops available today, including the Indonesian Mount Lawu Propolis ear drop (IMLPED). Indonesian Mount Lawu Propolis ear drop is proven to contain many antioxidant substances such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, caffeic acid pethyl ester, and quercetin. However, to date, no study has assessed the antioxidant activity of IMLPED, especially the 2% IMLPED. This study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of the 2% IMLPED. This is an in vitro study to assess the antioxidant activity of the 2% IMLPED with 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method based on the inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) value. The IC50 represents the concentration required to reduce 50% of the free radicals. The result of this study showed that the IC50 value of the 2% IMLPED is 30.71 µg/mL. Based on the IC50 value, the 2% IMLPED formula exhibits a robust antioxidant effect. The implications of this revelation establish IMLPED as a promising candidate in combating oxidative stress.

Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst & G. Forst) leaves contain polyphenols and flavonoids which areprospective for the development of the new antidiabetic agent. This research aimed to explore thepotency of matoa leaves in reducing blood glucose level and increasing plasma insulin concentrationin alloxan-induced rats. The experimental study was done in 6 treatment groups: the aquadest (normal),alloxan (Alx) 150 mg/kgBW (negative control), glibenclamide (Gli) 5 mg/kgBW (positive control),and matoa leaves extract (MLE) at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW. The treatment wasadministered for 14 days orally post-induction of alloxan and fasting blood glucose (FBG) reached>200 mg/dL. Blood glucose levels were established by the GOD-PAP (Diasys) method while plasmainsulin was measured using Rat insulin ELISA kit. Hematoxyline-eosin (HE) staining on tissues wasperformed to observe the population of pancreatic beta cells. The results showed that the MLE extractat a dose of 200 mg/kgBW could decrease the FBG level to 135.25±21.14 mg/dL and increase theplasma insulin level up to 0.14%. Pancreas histopathology indicated that the number of damaged cellswere lower than negative control. In conclusion, our results affirm the promising potential of MLE asa candidate of the novel antidiabetic agent.

Escherichia coli is a gram negative bacterium which is a normal flora in the digestive tract. In birds, this bacterium causes a disease known as colibasillosis. Antibiotics are generally used, but excessive use will cause residues and antibiotic resistance. To avoid resistance or residue, an alternative treatment is needed. The combination of propolis and ginger extract is very promising to develop because both have a synergistic effect as antimicrobials. The research aims to determine the effect of the combination extract on Escherichia coli bacteria in vitro. We used 8 groups which contain combinations of propolis and ginger extract. We used amoxicillin disk as a positive control, 1% Na CMC as a negative control. The results showed a combination of ginger and propolis extract showed good inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli in all groups> 6mm., and the highest inhibitory activity was K3 (5% propolis combination and 15% ginger extract) with 8.7 mm. The combination of propolis and ginger extract has the potential to be used as an alternative antibiotic to prevent antibiotic resistance from synthetic antibiotics.Keywords: alternative antibiotics, combination extracts, Escherichia coli, ginger, in vitro, propolis

Efficient enzymatic production, particularly using Penicillin-G Acylase (PGA), is crucial for synthesizing amoxicillin, a penicillin-type antibiotic. This study optimized PGA immobilization from Bacillus thuringiensis BD1 using Na-alginate to enhance stability and cost-effectiveness. Various Na-alginate concentrations (1%, 1.25%, 1.5%) were tested, with stability assessments at pH 6-9 and temperatures of 30-60 °C, alongside reusability, morphology, and amoxicillin synthesis evaluations. Initial activity was 46.59 U/mg, with optimal immobilization at 1.5% Na-alginate achieving 41.01 U/mg. After four uses, immobilized PGA BD1 retained ±20% activity with optimal conditions at pH 7 and 40 °C. Enhanced amoxicillin synthesis compared to free enzymes highlights its industrial potential. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using immobilized PGA BD1 for scaling up amoxicillin production, offering significant economic and technological benefits.

Potensi antiinflamasi B. javanica perlu dikembangkan menjadi sediaan topikal. Bioavailabilitas dan stabilitas zat aktif menjadi batasan dalam pengunaannya sehingga perlu pengembangan formula yang sesuai. Nanoemulsi merupakan salah satu alternatif sediaan yang dapat meningkatkan stabilitas maupun penetrasi obat ke dalam kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan formula sediaan nanoemulsi ekstrak etanol biji B. javanica serta mengetahui stabilitasnya. Metode formulasi sediaan nanoemulsi dilakukan dengan bantuan pseudoternary phase diagram dengan 3 variasi komponen, yaitu minyak zaitun (EVOO), Smix (tween-propilenglikol 5:1), dan air. Karakterisasi nanoemulsi yang dilakukan adalah ukuran globul, % transmitan, pH, viskositas, dan drug load. Nanoemulsi biji B. javanica kemudian diuji stabilitasnya menggunakan metode Freeze-thaw cycle. Karakteristik sediaan nanoemulsi yang dihasilkan adalah ukuran globul 14,4±0,3 nm, zeta potensial sebesar 7,7±0,2 mV, % transmittant sebesar 93,05±4,06%, pH 7,14±0,05, viskositas 35800±2700 cps, dan drug load 83,81±8,49%. Nanoemulsi B. javanica memiliki karakteristik yang baik, namun tidak stabil berdasarkan nilai transmitan dan zeta potensial.

A simple, rapid and precise spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for the determination of Chloramphenicol (CAP) in the shrimp based on diazotization reaction at room temperature. The CAP was reduced by zinc powder and the diazotization reaction was carried out in the presence of NaNO2, bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as catalyst. The 2-napthol used as coupling agent to form a red-violet solution and the absorbance of azo dye solution was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 554 nm. The method validation parameters including linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) have been investigated. The correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.996 for concentration range 0.70 – 4.65 µg/mL. The LOD and LOQ were 0.36 µg/mL and 1.19 µg/mL. Accuracy and precision of the method were performed by spiking of CAP in the shrimp sample at concentration 1.16; 2.33; 3.49 µg/mL. Analysis result showed that the accuracy and precision of the method were 92.77-97.37 % and 0.21-2.39 % respectively.Keywords : Chloramphenicol, diazotization, shrimp, spectrophotometry, method validation.