Pain is a sensory response that indicates tissue damage caused by mechanical, chemical, or physical stimuli. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of fingerroot rhizomes (EEFR) in mice. The extract was prepared by maceration using ethanol and tested in mice divided into five groups: three treatment groups receiving EEFR at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW, a positive control group, and a negative control group. Analgesic activity was assessed by the number of writhing responses induced by 1% acetic acid, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated based on paw edema induced by 1% carrageenan. The results showed that EEFR at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW produced the most significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, with pain protection and inflammation inhibition percentages of 69.81% and 58.97%, respectively. These findings indicate that EEFR has potential as a natural analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

Kemampuan suatu bahan aktif farmasi untuk dapat dikempa langsung dipengaruhi oleh sifat-sifat mekaniknya, seperti daya alir dan tabletabilitas. Karakterisasi pembentukan ko-kristal meliputi morfologi kristal, difraktogram sinar-X serbuk, dan perilaku termal. Perbandingan sifat-sifat mekanik dilakukan terhadap ko-kristal DXI-CAF hasil USSC dengan DXI murni, meliputi daya alir (indeks kompresibilitas) dan tabletabilitas (tensile strength dan elastic recovery). Pengujian tabletabiltas dilakukan pada kekuatan kompresi 10-60 kg/cm2. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan hasil USSC memiliki habit kristal, difraktogram, dan titik lebur yang unik yang berbeda dengan DXI murni, dan hal ini mengindikasikan terbentuknya ko-kristal DXI-CAF. Indeks kompresibilitas ko-kristal DXI- CAF berada pada rentang kategori baik, sementara DXI murni berada pada rentang kategori buruk. Nilai tensile strength maksimum ko-kristal DXI-CAF adalah 1,526 MPa yang dicapai pada kekuatan kompresi 50 kg/cm2, sementara nilai tensile strength maksimum DXI murni hanya 0,853 MPa yang dicapai pada kekuatan kompresi 20 kg/cm2. Kurva elastic recovery menunjukkan persentase elastic recovery ko-kristal DXI-CAF lebih baik daripada DXI murni. Dari hasil-hasil ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembentukan ko-kristal DXI-CAF dengan metode USSC mampu memperbaiki sifat-sifat mekanik deksibuprofen.

Berbagai penelitian membuktikan bahwa likopen dapat menurunkan resiko berbagai penyakit seperti gangguan kardiovaskular, diabetes,  hiperkolesterolemia dan kanker. Akan tetapi, likopen sangat mudah mengalami reaksi isomerisasi dan oksidasi selama proses pengolahan maupun penyimpanan karena memiliki banyak ikatan tak jenuh, sehingga aktivitasnya jadi menurun. Oleh sebab itu, untuk meningkatkan stabilitas likopen dilakukan teknik mikroenkapsulasi. Tujuan dari penelitan ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh jenis penyalut terhadap stabilitas likopen hasil mikroenkapsulsi dengan metode spray dry. Jenis penyalut yang digunakan adalah Hidroksi propil β-siklodekstrin (M1) dan kombinasi Whey protein-Maltodekstrin (M2). Mikrokapsul yang diperoleh dievaluasi meliputi Efisiensi Enkapsulasi (EE), kandungan lembab dan sifat organolpetis, lalu dilanjutkan dengan pengujian stabilitas pada suhu kamar dengan dua kondisi yang berbeda yaitu  terpapar cahaya dan tidak terpapar cahaya. Hasil evaluasi menunjukan nilai EE untuk M1 dan M2 adalah 7,6 % dan 8,2 %, Kandungan lembab 5,4 % (M1) dan 5,09% (M2), dan semua formula menunjukan sifat organolpetis yang hampir sama yaitu berbentuk serbuk berwarna jingga dengan bau khas. Hasil uji stablitas menunjukan bahwa baik M1 maupun M2 tidak mengalami penurunan kadar selama 4 minggu penyimpanan pada tempat tidak terpapar cahaya, sedangkan pembanding dalam bentuk serbuk likopen bebas mengalami penurunan kadar sebesar 40,9%. Pada penyimpanan terpapar cahaya M1 dan M2 mengalami penurunan kadar masing masing sebesar 48,7% dan 43,37%, sedangkan pembanding 96,75%. Kesimpulan yang didapat adalah bahwa kedua jenis penyalut tidak mempengaruhi stabilitas likopen dalam bentuk mikrokapsul.

Purple button herb (Borreria laevis Lamk) contains secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, tannins, and steroids, which have antioxidant activity. Facial masks include pharmaceutical preparations for cleaning, maintaining, and increasing attractiveness. This study aims to formulate a peel-off facial mask preparation from purple button herb extract (Borreria laevis Lamk), which is good and stable as an antioxidant. Ethanol extract from purple button herb was used as an active ingredient in the manufacture of peel-off gel masks with concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) with several physical evaluations including homogeneity, organoleptic (odor, color, shape), pH, drying time, viscosity and antioxidant activity tests carried out using the DPPH method. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the peel-off gel mask formula of ethanol extract of purple button herb at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% met the requirements of a good and stable preparation with an IC50 value at a concentration of 5% (F1) of 149.82 µg/mL in the moderate category for antioxidant activity. Based on the test results, the purple button herb can be an antioxidant formulated for peel-off facial masks.

Video densitometri merupakan metode analisis kuantitatif densitometri dengan prinsip pemindaian optik elektronik. Kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dapat menghasilkan data pemisahan yang cepat dan desain instrumen sederhana secara simultan, sehingga meningkatkan sensitivitas dan kompatibilitas dengan analisis data. Metode ini sederhana, murah, dan cepat untuk menghitung bercak pada pelat KLT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh metode analisis penentuan thiamphenicol dalam sirup kering. Untuk tujuan ini, KLT video telah dikembangkan dan divalidasi. Analisis tiamfenikol tersebut dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap, antara lain optimasi kondisi KLT, perekaman bercak KLT dengan kamera, analisis bercak dengan ImageJ, validasi metode analisis, dan analisis tiamfenikol dalam sirup kering. Kondisi optimum untuk KLT menggunakan pelat silika gel GF254 dengan fase gerak etil asetat:kloroform:metanol (7,5:2:0,5, v/v/v). Deteksi dilakukan di bawah lampu UV 254 nm, kemudian difoto menggunakan kamera digital Sony Alpha A5100 dengan sensitivitas ISO 100, titik fokus 50 mm, aperture f/6, dan shutter speed 1/15 detik. Gambar yang diambil dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak ImageJ untuk menentukan nilai AUC setiap bercak. Uji selektivitas menghasilkan nilai α lebih besar dari 1,5. Hasil validasi metode diperoleh persamaan regresi y = 1.7481x + 16498 (r = 0,9995; Vx0 = 0,80%). Batas deteksi  dan batas kuantitasi masing-masing sebesar 21,78 dan 72,60 bpj. Presisi (%RSD) dalam satu hari dan antar hari masing-masing adalah 1,07 dan 1,34%. Akurasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan simulasi sampel untuk mendapatkan persen perolehan kembali direntang 96,62 - 100,91%. Kadar tiamfenikol ditentukan pada tiga produk sirup kering dan bervariasi masing-masing sebesar 99,26%, 101,25%, dan 101,81%. Metode KLT video densitometri dapat digunakan sebagai metode alternatif analisis tiamfenikol sirup kering.

Yellow root had been extensively studied its potential as herbal medicines in many pharmacologic activities due to its alkaloid content namely berberine. To date, there is no study of the yellow root as the source of flavonoid to have anti-hyperglycemia and anti-hyperlipidemia effect. This present study focuses on flavonoid fraction being investigated its in vivo potential to reduce blood glucose level (165mg/dL at 28mg/kg of a fraction, peroxidase inhibition and catalase activation. The extract was obtained from the fresh yellow root, using the re-maceration method. These extracts were calculated as yield (%), then followed by a preliminary phytochemical investigation. The evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemia activity was done using the fraction form of yellow root. The isolation of phenolic compounds was carried out by radial chromatography (chromatotron). The isolated compound was then structurally and computationally characterized using NMR and molecular docking, respectively. The fraction reduced the activity of peroxidase  (6.33%) at 14 mg/kg and increase catalase activity (15.74%) at 28 mg/kg of body weight of fraction, respectively. An effort to isolate the flavonoid in the fraction reveals a rutin-like structure, a flavonoid glycoside. This result, therefore, guides the utilization of rutin and its aglycon as the model of lipid peroxidase inhibitor and catalase activator upon in silico molecular docking.Keywords: anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, molecular docking, a phenolic compound, yellow root

Hyperpigmentation of the skin is a result of ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure, which causes oxidative stress due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to various skin problems, including melanin accumulation. Exosomes can affect melanocyte activity. Exosomes, as small vesicles released by cells, can affect melanocyte activity and play an important role in various hyperpigmentation processes. The study aims to determine the effect of exosome mesenchymal stem cell hypoxia (EH-MSC) and glutathione with vitamin C on IL-10 levels and CD163 expression. IL-10 gene expression was measured using qRT-PCR, while CD163 expression was analyzed via immunohistochemical staining. A total of 30 male C57BL/6 mice were used and randomly assigned to five different treatment groups. The highest expression of IL-10 was observed in the EH-MSCs-treated group (K4), although the difference was not statistically significant compared to the control (p = 0.135). In contrast, the group receiving a combination of EH-MSCs with glutathione and vitamin C (K5) exhibited the highest percentage of CD163 expression, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.00). These findings demonstrate that the administration of EH-MSC and glutathione with vitamin C significantly increased the expression of CD163, but insignificantly increased IL-10 in C57BL/6 mice with a UVB-induced hyperpigmentation model.

Overweight dan obesitas terkait dengan berbagai penyakit pada sistem kardiovaskular, Trigliserida (TG) menjadi salah satu tanda klinis dari terjadi obesitas. Asam lemak omega-3 direkomendasikan untuk menurunkan TG pada hipertrigliseridemia. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui efektifitas suplemen omega-3 dan menurunkan kadar TG pada dislipidemia. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah one grup pretest-posttest design, dengan menganalisa pemberian omega-3 dengan dosis 1 g/hari selama 4 minggu terhadap kadar TG pasien. Lokasi penelitian di sebuah rumah sakit di Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, mulai bulan April-Agustus 2022. Variabel penelitian adalah suplemen omega-3 dan kadar TG. Responden adalah semua pasien dewasa dengan overweight/obesitas, yang menjalani rawat jalan di rumah sakit tersebut, dengan menggunakan teknik yaitu consecutive sampling dan purposive sampling. Analisa perbedaan kadar TG sebelum dan sesudah terapi suplemen omega-3 menggunakan uji t-test berpasangan (rasio) dan uji chi-square (ordinal). Jumlah responden yang terlibat dalam penelitian adalah 36 orang. Nilai Sig.(2-tailed) dengan nilai-P sebesar 0,421>0,05, yang berarti tidak ada perbedaan antara sebelum dan sesudah pemberian suplemen omega-3. Adanya kecenderungan penurunan kadar TG setelah pemberian suplemen omega-3 dan rata-rata penurunannya adalah 9,44 mg/dL.  Oleh karena itu , perlu dianalisa lebih lanjut terhadap parameter lipid lainnya dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi TG, seperti genetic dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT).

Skin has a very important role in determining percutaneous absorption of active substance in topical administration. Study on percutaneous permeation of piroxicam from gel had been conducted using Franz Diffusion Cell with membrane model of shed snakeskin and cellulose. Piroxicam gels were made using Aqupec HV-505 base with 0; 2.5; 5; and 7.5% of DMSO as an enhancer. The results showed that the most stable gel preparation was the one with 5% DMSO (F2), so it was used for further investigation to which percutaneous permeation test. The permeation test was conducted in preparation without and with 5% DMSO (F2) in vitro through shed snakeskin and cellulose membranes. The results showed that F2 increased the permeation rate by as much as 0.0281% per minute. In comparison, the permeation rate of formulation without DMSO (F0) was 0.012% per minute. It can be concluded that DMSO can increase piroxicam penetration through shed snakeskin. Permeation study using cellulose membrane on formula F2 revealed permeation rate as much as 0.006% per minute whereas that without DMSO (F0) was 0.0112% per minute.Keywords: DMSO, cellulose membrane, percutaneous permeation, piroxicam, shed snakeskin.

Penggunaan obat yang sukar larut air tidak efisien apabila kadar penetrasi obat ke dalam tubuh sangat kecil. Mikroemulsi ialah satu sistem dispersi yang dapat meningkatkan kelarutan obat. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan formulasi mikroemulsi ketoprofen menggunakan zat peningkat penetrasi mentol (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%). Asam oleat digunakan sebagai fase minyak, tween 80 sebagai komponen surfaktan, dan propilen glikol sebagai kosurfaktan. Evaluasi sediaan mikroemulsi dilakukan dengan uji permeasi mikroemulsi ketoprofen secara in vitro menggunakan sel difusi Franz terhadap membran kulit ular dengan medium dapar fosfat pH 7,4 selama 90 menit. Formula F4 (mengandung mentol 5%) menunjukkan permeasi tertinggi setelah 90 menit (16,21 ppm) dibandingkan dengan F1 (tidak mengandung mentol). Keempat formula memiliki kestabilan yang baik selama pengamatan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa mentol meningkatkan permeasi ketoprofen. Kata kunci: Ketoprofen, mentol, mikroemulsi, uji permeasi

Tanaman Lintut (Strobilanthes kalimantanensis) merupakan tumbuhan terna yang tumbuh di tanah lembek dan berair. Terdapat minyak atsiri kuat yang terkandung di dalam tanaman lintut yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai antimikroba. Peneltian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui formulasi dan sifat fisik sediaan spray gel minyak atsiri daun lintut serta efektivitas sediaan sebagai antiseptik tangan. Evaluasi sediaan spray gel dalam penelitian ini ialah pemeriksaan organoleptis, homogenitas, daya lekat, pH, viskositas dan pola penyemprotan serta uji stabilitas menggunakan metode freeze thaw. Minyak atsiri daun lintut mengandung senyawa terpenoid. Formula sediaan spray gel menggunakan gelling agent karbopol 0,35%. Hasil pengujian efektivitas antibakteri yang baik adalah formula 4 dengan konsentrasi minyak atsiri daun lintut sebesar 6% menurunkan mikroorganisme sebesar 88,19%. Hasil evaluasi sifat fisik sediaan spray gel menunjukan organoleptis, homogenitas, daya lekat, pH, viskositas dan pola penyemprotan yang memenuhi persyaratan dan hasil uji stabilitas menunjukan hasil yang stabil. Sediaan spray gel mampu membunuh bakteri e. coli.

Boraks sering disalahgunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pangan, khususnya sebagai pengawet dan pengenyal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi dan memvalidasi metode kuantitatif penetapan kadar boraks menggunakan ekstrak bunga rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) serta menentukan kadar boraks pada sampel sosis menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimental kuantitatif. Panjang gelombang maksimum diperoleh pada 518,4 nm. Kondisi optimum dicapai pada campuran 1 mL larutan boraks dan 3 mL ekstrak rosella pada pH 2. Intensitas warna meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi boraks (10–50 ppm). Validasi metode menunjukkan linearitas yang baik dengan persamaan regresi y = 0,006x + 0,3538 dan koefisien korelasi (R²) sebesar 0,9959. Nilai limit deteksi (LOD) sebesar 18,8 ppb, akurasi 99,42%, dan presisi (%RSD) 0,736%. Hasil analisis sampel sosis menunjukkan adanya kandungan boraks sebesar 60,41 ppm. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bunga rosella dapat digunakan sebagai indikator alami dalam analisis boraks pada sampel pangan.

The combination formulation of TB drugs may cause interactions if these drugs are given simultaneously. Rifampin (RIF) decomposes in the stomach when given concurrently with isoniazid (INH), which results in a decrease in the bioavailability of RIF. The purpose of this study is to make INH microcapsules using HPMCP HP-50 and HP-55 coatings to prevent these interactions. The process of making INH: HPMCP HP-50 and HP-55 (2:3) microcapsules was done by using solvent evaporation method. The entrapment efficiency of INH: HPMCP HP-50 and HP-55 (2:3) were 83.21% and 91.57%, respectively. The dissolution test of INH: HPMCP HP-50 and HP-55 microcapsules met the requirements of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition V. The FTIR test showed that the microcapsules didn’t change the chemical composition of isoniazid or the coating on the microencapsulation so that it was concluded that no chemical reaction or decomposition occurred before and after the formation of the microcapsules. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a spherical microcapsule surface morphology and the active substance was well coated for INH: HPMCP HP-50 (2:3), while for INH: HPMCP HP-55 (2:3) the surface of the microcapsules was round but hollow. This study produces microcapsules that can provide a delayed release effect, so it is expected that INH: HPMCP HP-50 and HP-55 (2:3) microcapsules can be released in the intestines without interacting with RIF.

Chondroitin sulphate (CS) in oral dosage form has widely used to help manage osteoarthritis, but regret its bioavailability was very low at only 13%, It was due to the first passed effect in the liver and to avoid it CS is needed to be formulated into another forms of preparation like patch. This study was aimed to gure out in-vitro possibility of chondroitin sulphate (CS) to be formulated in a transdermal patch and characterized by its physical properties such as permeation profile through the Franz’s cell and partition coefficient studies. The study showed that 150 mg CS in transdermal patch given the constant permeation within 19 hours with the partition coefficient of 2.22. Based on the permeation profile and the partition coefficient study, the CS patch would become an effective preparation to be considered.Keyword : Chondroitin Sulphate (CS), Transdermal patch, Permeation profile, Partition coefficient

Sidr leaf extract (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is effective against hypercholesterolemia by blocking the HMG-CoA reductase. This study seeks to identify the characteristics of tablets formulated from the ethanol extract of Sidr leaf and their efficacy in lowering total blood cholesterol levels. The tablets were produced using the wet granulation method and processed into three formulations, F1, F2, and F3, with differing dosages of 100, 150, and 250 mg, along with placebo. The granules produced were evaluated for their physical characteristics. The tablets were evaluated for their physical characteristics and tested for effectiveness in lowering cholesterol levels. The efficacy of tablet-form sidr leaf ethanol extract was assessed by analyzing cholesterol levels in mouse serum samples compared to simvastatin. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test. In the disintegration time test, F1 and F2 tablets satisfied the criteria. However, F3 exceeded the limit of 60 minutes. Among the three tablet doses, the F2 tablet (150 mg) demonstrated superior efficacy in lowering total cholesterol levels relative to the F1 and F3 tablets. Consequently, tablets containing Sidr leaf extract demonstrate potential for hypercholesterolemia management at an effective dosage of 150 mg, warranting further investigation through clinical trials.

Degenerative diseases occurred due to several risk factors that are directly related to inflammationwhich affected several diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes. One of theinflammatory causative agents is leukotrienes produced by the lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) so thatit takes anti-inflammatory drugs made from herbal plants. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) potentiallyinhibited the lipoxygenase enzyme because it contains potential phytochemical compounds suchas alkaloids, flavonoids, eugenol, saponins, and tannins. This research aimed to test the inhibitionof active compounds from extract and fractions of red betel leaves that have the best inhibition forlipoxygenase enzymes causing malondialdehyde formed through molecular docking simulations. Thisresearch used lipoxygenase enzyme as receptor (PRB code: 4NRE), C8E as natural ligand and activecompound from extract and fractions of red betel leaves as a ligand. The highest inhibition regarded toNandrolone phenylpropionate and Sofalcone ligand with -10.4 kcal/mol and -9.1 kcal/mol of affinityenergy. Amino acid residues that played a role in ligand and receptor interaction were HIS373 andHIS378. The receptor structure with the best ligands was declared stable based on molecular dynamicssimulations.

Nypa fruticans Wurmb which belongs to the family of Arecaceae is one of the most widely distributed and useful palm in the mangrove forests in the Southeast Asia. Nypa palm sugar or commonly known as “Gula Apong” was processed using nypa palm sap as raw material. The nypa palm sugar was expected to benefit wider community as source of alternative sweetener. In this study, 2, 2-diphenyl1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and cytotoxicity test of methanol extract of nypa palm sugar were conducted. The antioxidant activity was determined based on DPPH scavenging activity of extract. The cytotoxicity test was conducted against brine shrimp Artemia salina, and the LC50 value of the extract was calculated. The antioxidant activity showed that the EC50 of nypa palm sugar was 1304 mg/mL while the value of EC50 for ascorbic acid was 0.6112 mg/mL. The results of the cytotoxicity showed that the methanol extract of nypa palm sugar was interpreted as non-toxic as the value of LC50 was 184.0 mg/mL.Keywords: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Nypa fruticans, nypa palm sugar | Nypa fruticans Wurmb which belongs to the family of Arecaceae is one of the most widely distributed and useful palm in the mangrove forests in the Southeast Asia. Nypa palm sugar or commonly known as “Gula Apong” was processed using nypa palm sap as raw material. The nypa palm sugar was expected to benefit wider community as source of alternative sweetener. In this study, 2, 2-diphenyl1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and cytotoxicity test of methanol extract of nypa palm sugar were conducted. The antioxidant activity was determined based on DPPH scavenging activity of extract. The cytotoxicity test was conducted against brine shrimp Artemia salina, and the LC50 value of the extract was calculated. The antioxidant activity showed that the EC50 of nypa palm sugar was 1304 mg/mL while the value of EC50 for ascorbic acid was 0.6112 mg/mL. The results of the cytotoxicity showed that the methanol extract of nypa palm sugar was interpreted as non-toxic as the value of LC50 was 184.0 mg/mL.Keywords: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Nypa fruticans, nypa palm sugar

Grape seeds (Vitis vinivera) oil is not only known to have antioxidant activity, but also known to have solubility and bioavailability problems. One way that can be used to overcome this problem is to formulate it into a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). SNEDDS is a system that consists of oil phase and surfactants mixture that will form nanoemulsions when stirred in water. The aim of the study was to optimize the oil phase and surfactant mixture composition, since it has been known to affect the SNEDDS characteristics. SNEDDS grapeseed oil was made with a mixture of surfactant tween 20 and cremophor RH40 which was optimized using the simplex lattice design approach with Design Expert 13.0.10. This study provided that the SNEDDS optimum formula consists of 5.73% grapeseed oil, 10% cremophor RH40, and 84.26% tween 20. The system could be emulsified in 5.32 seconds, with a transmittance of 99.435%, a droplet size of 13.5 nm, a PDI of 0.476, and a zeta potential of -21.0mV. Based on the stability test results, the resulting system was observed to be stable against dilution, freeze thaw, and centrifugation, which make the system acceptable as SNEDDS.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) merupakan penyakit yang ditandai dengan tingginya kadar gula dalam darah. Pemberian makanan yang tinggi serat diketahui dapat mengontrol kadar gula darah pada penderita diabetes mellitus. Buah labu kuning dan kulit pisang kepok merupakan salah satu pangan pilihan dengan kandungan serat tinggi sehingga bisa menjadi alternatif makanan selingan bagi penderita diabetes mellitus melalui olahan cookies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formulasi cookies yang optimal serta mengetahui evaluasi yakni kadar air, kadar abu, kadar serat, organoleptik dan hedonik. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu didapatkan 3 formulasi yang berbeda FI (0,5:1,5 labu kuning:kulit pisang kepok); F2 (1:1 labu kuning:kulit pisang kepok); F3 (1,5:0,5 labu kuning:kulit pisang kepok) dengan nilai kadar air berturut-turut yaitu 0,289%; 0,375 dan 0,306%. Nilai kadar abu berturut-turut yaitu 1,974%; 1,990% dan 1,965%. Nilai Kadar serat berturut-turut yaitu 33,8%; 35,08% dan 50,525%. Nilai uji hedonik terbaik yaitu pada F2 dengan persentase nilai yaitu 72,67% dengan karakteristik organoleptik berwarna coklat, sedikit beraroma kulit pisang dan sedikit beraroma labu kuning, berasa manis dan memiliki tekstur renyah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa formula cookies yang dibuat dapat menjadi makanan selingan karena memenuhi nilai kadar serat dan nilai uji hedonik (kesukaan).

Inflammation is the body's reaction to infection, irritation, or foreign substances, as an effort to defend the body's defenses. Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandins, fluid extravasation, and tissue damage are essential to protect our body as an inflammatory response. One of the plants in Indonesia which is the potential to develop is Cinnamomum burmanii. These plants are identified to contain some substances such as flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. This study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the Cinnamomum burmanii extract using in vitro method compared with diclofenac sodium. Cinnamon bark was extracted using 96% of ethanol, and phytochemical screening was determined. Anti-inflammatory test in vitro using two methods, membrane stabilization using red blood cell suspension and protein denaturation inhibition using bovine serum albumin. After an anti-inflammatory test using the membrane stabilization method, the IC50 of the extract was 84.45 ± 3.55 g/mL, while in the protein denaturation method, the IC50 of the extract was 57.412 ± 0.718µg/mL. Even though the IC50 of the extract was lower, it is still higher than diclofenac sodium as drug control. Our result showed that cinnamon has potential as an antiinflammation and needs to develop further