Free radicals are naturally produced from the body's metabolic processes, but the excessive amount of free radicals can interfere with human health because they cause oxidative stress. Therefore we need antioxidants that can protect against free radicals. Ficus lyrata W. is one of the antioxidant sources. This study aims to formulate instant granules from the Ethanol extract of Ficus lyrata W. using the wet granulation method. The formula is optimized using the Design Expert with the two-level factorial method. The optimized factors are xanthan gum 0,8-1,5% and PVP 0,5-5%. Granules are evaluated and analyzed using a Design Expert. The results obtained showed that Formula 4 with a combination of xanthan gum 0,8% and PVP 5% is the best formula, which the evaluation result is Loss On Drying (LOD) 3,28%, Flowability 16.043 ± 0.221 (g/s), Angle of Rest 21.77 ± 0.862, no precipitate for15 minutes, pH = 4.7, dispersed in 31 seconds and sedimentation time is 52.213 ± 1.7878 (minutes), the results of the antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract of Ficus lyrata is 38,27 µg/ml, and instant granules is 145,02 µg/ml.Keywords: Antioxidant, Ficus lyrata W., Instant granules, Design expert

A Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is a formulation approach used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Atorvastatin calcium has limited water solubility, which can affect its bioavailability when administered orally. Its solubility can be enhanced by various formulation techniques, such as the use of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). The purpose of this study is to determine the formulation and characterization of SNEDDS and determine how it affects the bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium. The data were collected from published journals. The carrier components required in the formulation of atorvastatin calcium with SNEDDS formulation include oils (oleic acid, peceol, capyrol 90, and capmul CMC), surfactants (tween 80, tween 20, labrasol, cremophor RH 40) and co-surfactants (brij 30, propylene glycol, transcutol-P, PEG 400, transcutol HP). Characterization of atorvastatin calcium with SNEDDS formulation showed droplet size 21.6-162.2 nm; zeta potential -1.32 - 24.6±6.47 mV; and polydensity index 0.164 - 0.297. SNEDDS formulation increased the percentage of drug release and increased the bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium. Keywords: self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, SNEDDS, atorvastatin                      calcium, formulation, characteristics, dissolution, bioavailability

Skin constantly exposed by the environmental stresses, such as pollutants, solar radiation, heat, and cold, which cause the free radicals that cause premature aging. This bad effects of free radicals can be reduced by natural antioxidants such as Beluntas china (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC) extract. The antioxidants use of beluntas china extract for skin will be more optimal if it is applied by appropriate form, emulgel, which has stronger consistency and longer contact time than gel. The aim of this research was to formulate an antioxidant emulgel from beluntas china extract, which is effective, stable, and safe with the best gelling agent. The extract was formulated by variety types of gelling agents which were carrageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and carbomer 934. Then, the physical stability was evaluated, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and freeze thaw. The results showed that formulation of carbomer 934 1% 2xIC50 extract concentration give the best physical stability evaluation for 60 days storage time.Keywords: antioxidant, beluntas china extract, emulgel, free radicals, skin

Consumers demanded the quality of solid soap for the bath were having a solid texture, high foam stability, and fulfillment of the national quality standard in SNI 3522:2021. Soap characteristics and quality are affected by soap bases and the existence of natural additive matter with antioxidant properties such as propolis extracts. The study aims to determine an optimum formula for soap production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken experimental design. The research conducted in several stages, its consist to propolis extraction, soap formulation and production, RSM analysis towards predetermined responses, model validation, and products characterization (in optimum formulation). Optimized factors consist of the content of propolis extracts, coconut oils, palm oils, and olive oils, while the response was moisture content, foam stability, and antioxidant inhibition. The results showed each response has a significant model to get an optimum formula for propolis extracts soap production. The optimum formula for soap production requires 1.545 g propolis extracts, 13.097 g coconut oils, 29.629 g palm oils, and 29.809 g olive oils with the model validation for each response were 95.5% moisture content, 96.5% foam stability, and 97.5% antioxidant inhibition. Soap characterization in the optimum formula fulfilled the quality standard requirement in SNI 3522:2021 its consists of 20.24% moisture content, 2.22% insoluble ingredients in ethanol, and 0.07% free alkali content. Keywords: Box-Behnken Design, Formula Optimization, Propolis Extracts, RSM, Solid Soap.

One of the most popular pharmaceutical preparations for the eyes today is in situ gel. The in situ gel system is a system that is liquid at room temperature but will form a gel when it comes into contact with the body or undergoes a change in pH. The form of the drug delivery system is in-situ is a type of mucoadhesive drug delivery system. Gel formation depends on several factors such as temperature modulation, pH changes, the presence of ions, ultra-violet irradiation, electrical sensitivity, and the enzyme by which the active substance is released. The purpose of this study is to compare the therapeutic efficacy of in situ gel medicines on pH, temperature triggered, and ion activated gelling systems. A drug in situ gel is a drug delivery device that transforms into a gel after being applied to the body. The findings revealed that the pH, temperature triggered, and ion activated gelling system factors had a substantial influence on the extended release medicines that affect the therapeutic effect of in situ gel medications. This comparative investigation demonstrates that the pH, temperature triggered, and ion activated gelling system factors have significant implications on the therapeutic benefits of in situ gelled medicines. A deeper knowledge of the relationships between these variables and in situ gel drug delivery methods can lead to the development of more effective and dependable medication compositions. These findings could aid in the development of improved gel in situ drug delivery systems to improve therapeutic benefits in the treatment of a variety of medical disorders.  Keywords: in situ gel, pH triggered, temperature triggered, ion activated, therapeutic effect.

We developed a simple and rapid method for the determination of abemaciclib in human serum using supported liquid extraction (SLE) method for pretreatment and LC-MS/MS. Abemaciclib was extracted using SLE method with methyltert-butyl ether (MTBE) as elution buffer, and analyzed by LC-QTOF MS system, LCMS9030 (Shimadzu). Abemaciclib and fluconazole (internal standard) were detected with ESI spray in positive ionization mode, and the transition were set at 507.3/393.1629 for abemaciclib and 307.1/220.0677 for fluconazole. The retention times of abemaciclib and fluconazole were 2.76 and 2.98 min, respectively, and good linearity was obtained from 20–1,000 ng/mL for abemaciclib. The regression equation (weight = 1/x2) describing the calibration curve in human serum was y = 0.0196 x – 0.056 (R2 = 0.999), where y is the peak area ratio of abemaciclib against the IS and x is the nominal concentration of abemaciclib. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy varied between -4.3–1.7%, and the precision varied between 0.90–6.19%. The mean recovery rate of abemaciclib was 87.7 ± 4.3%, and the mean matrix factor was 1.00 ± 0.083. Our method offers speed and simplicity of sample preparation, which is one of great advantages in the analysis of clinical specimens. We believe that the present method will contribute to establishing a methodology for determining the optimal dose of abemaciclib for individual patients. Key words: abemaciclib, SLE, supported liquid extraction, quantification

Traditional herbal liquid remedies may be converted into solid dosage forms for enhanced product stability, patient convenience and compliance. Hidden Treasure mixture (HTM) is an herbal decoction produced and used by Hidden Treasure Herbal Clinic(HTHC) in Ghana for the management of diabetes. The objective of the study was to transform the HTM herbal decoction into oral capsules. The amount of dried extract per dose (120 ml) of HTM decoction was determined together with the maximum wavelength of absorption. Different adsorbents were incorporated in the HTM extract at 75, 150, 225 and 300 mg per dose of HTM to facilitate adsorption of water and enhance the processing of the dried extracts. The adsorbent-HTM extract mix were dried in hot air oven at 60 ºC for 72 hours and subsequently processed into granules by dry granulation. The granules were evaluated for their ease of scrapping and processing, percentage loss in weight, flow properties and dissolution in aqueous medium. The weight of dried extract per dose was 350 mg. Light magnesium carbonate produced granules with the best ease of scrapping and processing and showed optimum release of 80.29% at 75 mg per dose. A maximum weight of 560 mg of HTM granules were used to fill size O capsule shells. Using LMC as adsorbent, the adsorbent-HTM granules were processed into capsules with talc and lactose as glidant and diluent respectively. The HTM capsules produced passed the stipulated British Pharmacopoeia quality control tests for hard capsules and can be used as replacement for the HTM decoction.Keywords: Decoction, Adsorbent extract-mix, Dry granulation, percent release,Granules.

About 40% of approved drugs and nearly 90% of drug candidates have low aqueous solubility which limits their bioavailability resulting in suboptimal pharmacological activity. According to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), drugs with low solubility and high permeability are categorized as BCS Class II, where the dissolution rate becomes a key factor in gastrointestinal absorption. One approach to increasing its solubility is the formation of an amorphous state, which lowers lattice energy and enhances dissolution. However, the amorphous form tends to be unstable and prone to recrystallization. Mesoporous silica has been developed as a drug delivery system capable of maintaining the stability of the amorphous form through molecular interactions with silanol groups and the nano-confinement effect that suppresses crystal growth. With a high surface area and tunable pore structure, mesoporous silica enhances the dissolution rate and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs, ultimately contributing to improved pharmacological activity. This review summarizes the development of mesoporous silica formulations in drug delivery systems for BCS Class II drugs to enhance their pharmacological efficacy.

The application of sunscreen products containing natural compounds is one ofalternative popular ways to protect the skin from the harmful effects of sunexposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sunscreen activity of papayaleaf extract. The ethanol extract of papaya leaf was fractionated to obtain ethanol,n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water extracts. The value of SPF 15, percenttransmission of erythema (1% Te ), and the percent transmission of pigmentation40 (% Tp) of each extract were calculated in vitro by using spectrophotometricmethod. among the extract examined, the ethyl acetate extract was found to be themost effective to reach Sun Protection Factor (SPF) 15 (ultra-protection category)and 1% Te (sunblock category) at a minimum concentration of 90.08 ppm and63.49 ppm. Meanwhile n-hexane extract was the most effective to reach 40% tp(sunblock category) at a minimum concentration of 30.68 ppm. The minimumconcentration of papaya leaf extracts required to reach SPF 15, 1% Te and 40% Tpwere far below the concentration of sunscreen compounds allowed in commercialcosmetic products. It can be concluded that papaya leaf extract have significantsunscreen property for use as cosmetic ingredient.Keywords: Carica papaya, SPF, Transmission of erythema, Transmission ofpigmentation

Durian seed (Durio zibethinus Murr.) has a high starch content (46.2%) and thus can be used as a new source of starch for the raw materials of pharmaceutical and food industries. In this study, we fabricated native and enzymatically modified durian seed starch using a rough enzyme extract from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. Wet grinding method was used for starch production. Physicochemical characterization of the starches was investigated by organoleptic, acidity-basicity, loss on drying,  flow capability, compressibility, ash content and microbial limit. In addition, viscoamylograph had been done to clarify the viscosity properties of the starches. The result of starch production showed that the durian seed had a starch yield of 17.68%. Physicochemical characterization of the starch showed that the results of quality testing had fulfilled the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia 4th edition standards requirements, such as description, identification, acidity-basicity, loss on drying, ash content and microbial limit. In addition, viscoamylograph study showed that the enzymatically modified durian seed starch had a higher viscosity than the native durian seed starch. Interestingly, modification of the durian seed starch using a rough enzyme extract improved its flow capability and compressibility. These results suggest that the modified durian seed starch experienced an increase in viscosity, compressibility and flow capability compared to native durian starch.  Keywords: durian, seed, starch, enzymatic modification

Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a plant that has been widely used in Asia, especially in the health sector. This can be related to other than that saffron is also known for its use as a cosmetic because Saffron has various kinds of pharmacological activities beneficial to human skin. Today's cosmetic users prefer cosmetics with herbal or natural ingredients, especially in Indonesia. This happens because it is considered that herbal cosmetics are safer and harmless in long-term use. Therefore, it is necessary to do related act ivities of saffron as a cosmetic ingredient. This is narrative research where the data is obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with keywords Saffron, Saffron for cosmetics, and others. There were eight references, with inclusion criteria being national and international journals and national websites published in 2011-2021, especially regarding the study of saffron activity as an ingredient for cosmetics. Then the data is analyzed narratively. It was found that Saffron (Crocus sativus) contains compounds that have a cosmetic activity such as safranal which can be used as a perfume, crocin as an antioxidant and as anti-dark spot, crocin, safranal, and crocetin as anti-UV, crocin, and crocetin as an anti-inflammatory and as coloring pigment in cosmetics, vitamin C, flavonoids and zinc as a face toner, kaempferol, crocin and crocetin as anti-wrinkle, zeaxanthin, lycopene, carotene, crocetin, picrocrocin, kaempferol, and crocin as anti-aging. Saffron (Crocus sativus) has various beneficial activities for the skin, so it can be used as an ingredient in making cosmetics.Keywords : Cosmetics, Herbal, Saffron, Herbal Cosmetics, Active Ingredient

Permethrin Cream 5%, a topical scabicidal agent, is usually used for the treatment of infestation with Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies). Nowadays, neem oil,  a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss), is reported having an antiscabies effect. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate the physical properties of cream containing neem oil 5%. Methods of the study were characterization of physicochemical properties of neem oil, preparation and physical stability study at room temperature (25 oC) and 40 oC for three months storage of the neem oil 5% cream. Physical evaluation involved organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, tipe of cream and  viscosity. The study results showed that all of the physicochemical properties of neem oil met the requirement. The cream were white to yellowish white, characteristic neem oil odor, homogenous cream, pH ± 8, viscosity approximately 2000-8000 cps and o/w cream. Three months storage of the cream showed that the formula resulted a stable cream physically.Keywords: neem oil, permethrin, scabies, Azadirachta indica A.Juss

Increased production output is the main priority in the pharmaceutical industry. Productivity of primary packaging process which plays an important role in producing output can be improved and maintained by conducting regular OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) analysis of the machinery and processes. OEE is a calculation method that is carried out thoroughly to identify the level of productivity and performance of machines or equipment. The OEE consists of three main measurements, namely availability, performance, and quality. In this study, line stop activities were observed during the primary packaging process that affected the OEE value of stripping machines in one of the pharmaceutical industries in the city of Jakarta. Research is carried out by observing, recording, and processing data related to primary packaging processes such as line stops and the number of products produced. Based on our study, we found that most of the line stops in the primary packaging process are caused by the changing of the polycellonium of the primary packaging material. Thus, we conclude that reducing changing of the polycellonium time from 10 minutes to 5 minutes will be beneficial to increase the operating time by 8% and increase the OEE value by 5%.Keywords: Primary Packaging Process, Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE),  Stripping Machine, Net Operating Time

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease worldwide has been reported to increase every year with hypertension serving as the leading cause. The recommended treatment for chronic kidney disease patients with a history of hypertension is antihypertensive medications, which could cause side effects from prolonged use. Hence, the authors sought out a possible novel modality by implementing antioxidant properties from beard lichen (Usnea spp.) extract. Literature search was conducted on trusted scientific databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, DOAJ, and Cochrane. The pathophysiology of hypertension in the progression of chronic kidney disease could mainly be attributed to the presence of inflammation and oxidative stress, which could be attenuated by the use of antioxidants. Lichens are a class of complex living organisms resulting from a symbiosis that allows them to synthesize various beneficial phytochemicals. Usnic and stictic acid derived from Usnea spp. are part of phenolic compounds that display strong antioxidant activities. In order for these antioxidants to have a focused effect on the kidneys, a kidney-targeted drug delivery system should be considered with lysozyme conjugation being the most studied method. The combination of Usnea spp. extract’s antioxidant capabilities with lysozyme conjugation could serve as a potential novel modality in the specific prevention of chronic kidney disease progression.                 Keywords: antioxidant; chronic kidney disease; lysozyme conjugation; Usnea                       spp.

Many techniques can be used to improve drug solubility, which is the development of the liquisolid technique. This technique has a mechanism for increasing the surface area of the drug as well as wetting from the addition of non-volatile solvents resulting in a lower surface tension and contact angle, so the solubility and drug release very increases. Liquisolid tablets show a lower contact angle compared to the conventional tablets. The liquisolid technique approach is also promising because the process is simple in making low production costs and allows the manufacturing industry, including non-volatile solvents, fillers, dryers, and disintegrants. Liquisolid characterized by specific instruments such as powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Several liquisolid techniques are described in this review. The liquisolid technique is proven and able to change the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, especially the solubility, drug release, and stability of the formula so that this technique can be a solution for class II and IV BCS pharmaceutical active drug classes.Keywords: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Contact Angle, Solubility, Drug Release, Stability, Liquisolid Technique

The drug delivery system is an attractive field of study since it has several applications in veterinary and human medicine. In the realm of veterinary medicine, the discovery of new routes of administration or new delivery systems to regulate the release of medications is of great importance. Due to the high number of animals and the special issues related to the administration of drugs and their market potential is very large, it is necessary to modify the dosage form to produce an effective and practicable preparation. Cats are the most popular pet in the world, outnumbering dogs by a ratio of three to one. It is vital to understand the prevalent illness patterns and limits of traditional delivery systems to establish appropriate dosage forms for cats. We believe this publication will be of interest to veterinarians and pharmaceutical scientists working in the field.

Whitening creams are cosmetic products applied to the skin to brighten or alter skin tone. The use of retinoic acid and hydroquinone without medical supervision is prohibited under Indonesian Food an Drug Authority (BPOM) regulations, as these are classified as prescription drugs that may cause harmful side effects with long-term use, such as skin irritation, dryness, burning sensation, and teratogenic effects. Unfortunately, these substances are still misused in some facial whitening products. This study aimed to identify the presence and determine the concentration of retinoic acid and hydroquinone in facial whitening creams sold in Ujung Berung Market, Bandung City. Samples were selected using purposive sampling with the criteria of being low-cost and without a registration number. A total of four cream samples were analyzed qualitatively using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with a mobile phase of acetone:n-hexane (4:6), and quantitatively using UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Absorbance measurements for retinoic acid and hydroquinone were performed at wavelengths of 324 nm and 300 nm, respectively. TLC results showed that two samples, B and D, tested positive for retinoic acid with Rf values of 0.52 and 0.55, respectively, exhibited dark blue spots similar to the standard. The result of hydroquinone analysis using TLC was unidentified. Quantitative analysis revealed that sample B contained the highest retinoic acid concentration (0.077% w/w), while sample A had the highest hydroquinone concentration (0.604% w/w). These findings suggest that some facial whitening creams sold in Ujung Berung Market still contain unauthorized levels of retinoic acid and hydroquinone, highlighting the need for stricter regulation and public awareness.

SeDem System is a new system that can be applied in solid dosage form preformulation studies of medicines. It have parameters to evaluates critical quality attributes of materials that have an impact on final drug product’s quality. SeDeM studies could be used as a method for identifying the best excipient and calculating the maximum amount of excipient required for formulation. SeDeM method can , providing formulation with the lowest amount of excipients as it combines the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) with only one excipient and the standard formula of lubricants, thus avoiding the used of unnecessary excipients, such as diluents, binders and agglutinants. The information given by the SeDeM system contributes to a quality by drug design development.Keywords: SeDeM System, Excipients

Thisreviewarticlefocusesontechnologytransferinthepharmaceuticalindustry,specifically discussingits importance,guidelines, process, and documentation intheIndonesiancontext.Thepurposeis toprovideadetailedunderstandingoftechnologytransfer from drug discovery to product development, including the reasons for its utilizationanditssignificanceinthepharmaceuticalsector.Themethodologyemployedforthisreview involvedsearching onlineliterature throughplatformssuchasScienceDirectandGoogleScholarusingkeywordslike"TransferTechnology"and "Pharmaceutical Development." Thefindings of the primary sources emphasizethecrucialroleoftechnologytransferinfacilitatingthegrowth ofthepharmaceuticalindustry. Itenables theavailabilityof essential technologiesin developing countries,promotingaccessibilityandaffordability.Threekeyfactorscontributetoeffectivetechnologytransfer:properplanning,involvementofcapableindividuals,andawell-definedprocess.Successintechnologytransfernecessitatesacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheprocessandtheabilitytopredictitsfutureperformanceaccurately.Furthermore,thearticleemphasizestheimportanceofensuringrobustandeffectivemanufacturingprocessesfordrugsubstancesanddrugproducts.Thisincludesproducingthesesubstancesandproductsincompliancewithregisteredspecifications and adhering to Good Manufacturing Practices Keywords: Transfer technology, Pharmaceutical development, Research and development, Pharmaceutical industry.

Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease of the joints that usually treated by NSAID drugs in the long term leading to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders. Glucosamine is a precursor in the formation of progression of joint which have not a significantly side effect. The problem in glucosamine administration occured when it is administered through the oral route resulting in first pass metabolism, while when it is administered via intavena route resulting in insulin resistance. Those problems can be solved by developing glucosamine into nanoglucosamine in order to increase the enzymatic stability which will protect the active ingredient from diminishing by the first pass effect hence the dose can be reduced, consequenlty it will reduce the insulin resistance, and increase the permeation. In this study, the nanoparticles of glucosamine with chitosan polymer and crosslinker alginate was prepared by the ionic gelation method with the principle of continued cross forming polyelectrolyte complexes. This study started from preformulation such as solubility and identify study by FTIR, then the formulations of chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 5:1:1 (volume ratio) with the variation of concentration in the FI (chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 0.08 %: 0.1%: 0.08%) and FII (chitosan: glucosamine: alginate = 0.1%: 0.1%: 0.08%). Results of nanoparticle characterization by particle size analyzer in the FI showed the better formula indicating a foggy coloid, no precipitation, the pH was 2.90±0.05, and the percent transmittance was  99.35%. The distribution of particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential for the formula I were 76.0 ± 21.8 nm; 0.300; and -0.30 mV, respectively. It could be concluded that the nanoparticle system of glucosamine can be better prepared from the 0.08% of chitosan, 0.1% of glucosamine and 0.08% of alginate.Keywords: alginate, chitosan, ionic gelation method, glucosamine nanoparticle