Ursodeoxycholic acid is an active compound to treat cholesterol gallstones which is included in Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II. Ursodeoxycholic acid capsule formulations have been developed by the pharmaceutical industries. Due to requirement, active ingredient testing and dissolution tests need to be routinely carried out to control quality of the drug. Therefore, aim of this study was to develop a simultaneously analytical method for assay and dissolution test. Optimum condition of analysis were using HPLC-RID, C18 column (5 µm; 3.9 x 300 mm), flow rate 1 mL/min, 50 µL volume injection, acetonitrile:buffer phosphate pH 3.0 (55:45 v/v) as mobile phase, column, detector, and sample temperature were 40 oC. This method provides good linearity in a range of 50-130 % concentration for assay and dissolution test with correlation coefficient values of 1 and 0.9995, respectively. LOD and LOQ for assay were in value of 4.892 µg/mL and 14.824 µg/mL whereas for dissolution tests in a value of 6,501 µg/mL and 19,701 µg/mL. The average percent recovery for assay and dissolution test were in a range of 100.018±0.888% and 98.936±2.124 %. Repeatability and intermediate precision of assay were obtained by determining RSD values of 0.466% and 0.279-0.483 %, while the dissolution test were 1.137% and 0.032-0.289 %. The validation show this method are linear, selective, accurate, and precise.Keywords: Assay, dissolution test, Ursodeoxycholic acid, validation

Anthocyanin is active compound of purple sweet potato, has effect as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-itching, make them interesting ingredients for skin treatment. The body scrub is one of popular cosmetic product in SPA industry. Their stability property is one crucial factor to develop a purple sweet potato body scrub cream. The steam and oven heating of tuber were involved on the scrub powder preparation.The oven and non-heating preparation scrub powder provided fine-sized powder more than 50%, but the steaming produced granular particle distribution. Total anthocyanin content in scrub grains was 326.8 mg/100 g for steam preparation, 103.3 mg/ 100 g for oven, and 34.4 mg/100g for non-heating, respectively. The steamed scrub powder preparation method produced stabile anthocyanin content in body scrub cream for 25 days observation.

Local potential and alternative substrates have been widely utilized to make kombucha with the aim of increasing its compound content and potential functional properties. In general, kombucha is made of black or green tea fermented using white cane sugar. On the other hand, the making of kombucha using faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) stem bark fermented using lontar palm sugar is relatively new. Therefore, the development of the optimum formula needs to be explored to confirm its functional properties. This study aims to determine the optimum formulation of lontar palm sugar concentration and fermentation time in terms of the chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of faloak stem bark kombucha. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed in this study with two research factors, i.e., lontar palm sugar concentration and fermentation time. The results reveal the optimum formulation of palm sugar concentration of 15% and fermentation time of 15.18 days which can cause significant changes in properties, showing pH value of 2.72, total acid of 1.264%, total sugar of 6.451%, total phenol of 452.783 mg GAE/L, and antioxidant activity (IC50 value) of 70.877 ppm. In conclusion, the use of 15% lontar palm sugar fermented for 15.18 days can produce faloak stem bark kombucha with potential as a functional beverage.

Fever, a condition where the body temperature is above normal (> 37°C) can occur due to inflammation, an immune system response from harmful stimuli such as pathogens. Bopot leaves (Tabernaemontana divaricata) contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids which are thought to play a role in inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis (PGE2). This research was conducted to determine the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of Bopot leaves. In vivo testing was used in mice (Mus musculus). The antipyretic test used peptone induction and rectal temperature was measured using a digital thermometer, while the anti-inflammatory test was carrageenin induced and the volume of edema was measured using a plethysmometer. Measurements were made before and after induction with an interval of 30 minutes for 2 hours. Results were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS. The antipyretic test showed that the dose of 200 mg/Kg BW had the best antipyretic activity with an antipyretic power of 90.20% and the best anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 250 mg/Kg BW. Bopot leaves contain flavanoid compounds which have antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) which triggers prostaglandins that cause an increase in body temperature and inflammation. It was concluded that Bopot leaf extract has antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Hypnotics are substances which in certain dose is meant for escalating psychological desire to sleep and reduse and causingsleep. The research was aimed to determining the influence and the effective dose of citronella grass as sedative substance applied on male mice. Animals used on the test were amounted to 25 male mice which were divided into 5 groups, each of them consisted of 5 mice. Whose given the citronella grass extract were Dose Group I (12mg/20gBW), Dose Group II (24mg/20gBW), and Dose Group III (48mg/20gBW), by means of Negative Control Group (-) 0,5mL of distilled water, and Positive Group Control (+) in terms of 0.013mL/20gBW Diazepam. The results of the research show that the conferral of citronella grass essence is positively potential as a sedative substance on the mice. Thus, Dose III (48mg/20gBW)becomes the most effective dose with the mice onset of falling recorded 46.7 seconds. The conferral duration of citronella grass essence towards sedative effect on male mice with the dose (III) of 48mg/20gBW is the most effective dose due to the relative similarity with diazepam as postive control, observed from the average duration being close to diazepam as positive control within the average onset amounted to 4.46 seconds, while diazepam itself is amounted to 1.38 seconds.Key words: Citronella Grass, Sedativum, Rotarod

AbstractBiocellulose (BC), a natural polymer from bacteria fermentation, is one of the new delivery systems in cosmetic applications with its advantages such as biodegradability, compatibility, and high skin permeability. Due to their antioxidant activity, Mulberry (Morus alba) roots containing oxyresveratrol have the potential as an anti-aging agent. This research aims to know the formulation of BC sheet mask loaded Morus alba essence extracted with NADES-UAE method, physical evaluation, and antioxidant activity. Morus alba root extract was formulated into three formulas of essence preparation with different concentrations of gel base CMC Na (0.5; 1; 1.5%) and evaluated based on their physical properties. BC sheet mask produced from Acetobacter xylinum was formulated with different concentrations of sucrose, acetic acid glacial, and ammonium sulfate. The best BC formula was loaded with essence and physically evaluated. Antioxidant activity was tested in vitro using the DPPH method. The results showed that BC formulated as a facial sheet mask had good physical properties: thickness of 0.51-1.48 mm, water hold capacity of 64.77%, pH of 7.19, and swelling capacity of 168%. Morus alba essence formula of F2 provides the best physical evaluation: viscosity 800 mPas, pH 6.45, spreadability 7.4 cm, and good homogeneity. The essence also showed no physical changes on stability testing. Antioxidant activity testing of Morus alba roots extract and essence formulation shows the inhibition of free radicals. BC-loaded Morus alba roots essence extracted NADES method can be applied as an antioxidant agent for promising cosmetics in the future. Key words: antioxidant, biocellulose, Morus alba, NADES-UAE, sheet mask Formulasi dan Evaluasi Fisik Sheet Mask Bioselulosa Mengandung Essence Mulberry (Morus alba) sebagai Kosmetika Antioksidan AbstrakBioselulosa adalah polimer alam yang didapatkan dari fermentasi bakteri merupakan teknologi penghantaran kosmetik baru untuk sheet mask. Sheet Mask bioselulosa lebih ramah lingkungan, kompatibel dan memiliki permeabilitas yang baik pada kulit. Akar Morus alba telah diteliti mengandung senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan menjadi kandidat bahan aktif alami dalam suatu sediaan kosmetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formulasi dan evaluasi fisik sheet mask bioselulosa yang mengandung essence ekstrak Morus alba, serta aktivitas antioksidannya. Serbuk akar Morus alba yang diekstraksi dengan metode NADES-UAE diformulasikan menjadi tiga formula sediaan essence dengan konsentrasi basis gel CMC Na yang berbeda (0,5; 1; 1,5%). Sheet mask bioselulosa yang dihasilkan dari Acetobacter xylinum diformulasikan dengan konsentrasi sukrosa, asam asetat glasial, dan amonium sulfat yang berbeda dan dilakukan evaluasi fisik. Aktivitas antioksidan sediaan diuji secara in vitro menggunakan metode DPPH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sheet mask bioselulosa yang diformulasikan mempunyai sifat fisik yang baik: ketebalan 0,51-1,48 mm, kapasitas menahan air 64,77%, pH 7,19, dan kapasitas pengembangan 168%. Formula essence ekstrak akar Morus alba F2 memberikan hasil evaluasi fisik terbaik: viskositas 800 mPas, pH 6,45, daya sebar 7,4 cm, dan homogenitas yang baik. Sediaan essence juga tidak menunjukkan perubahan fisik pada pengujian stabilitas. Uji aktivitas antioksidan sediaan menunjukkan adanya penghambatan terhadap radikal bebas. Sheet mask bioselulosa mengandung essence ekstrak akar Morus alba yang diekstraksi dengan metode NADES dapat diterapkan sebagai agen antioksidan untuk kosmetik yang menjanjikan di masa depan. Kata kunci: antioksidan, bioselulosa, Morus alba, NADES-UAE, sheet mask | Biocellulose (BC) is the new delivery system in cosmetic applications with advantages. Mulberry (Morus alba) roots have the potential to be an anti-aging agent. This research aims to determine the formulation of BC sheet mask loaded with mulberry essence extracted with NADES-UAE method and antioxidant activity. Morus alba root extract was formulated into three formulas of essence preparation with different concentrations of gel base Na-CMC and tested by the antioxidant activity DPPH method. BC sheet mask produced from Acetobacter xylinum was formulated with different concentrations of sucrose, glacial acetic acid, and ammonium sulfate. The best BC sheet mask formula was loaded with mulberry root essence and evaluated for physical characteristics. The results showed that BC formulated as a sheet mask had good physical properties: pH of 7.19; water hold capacity of 64.77%; thickness of 0.51-1.48 mm; and swelling capacity of 168%. Morus alba essence formula of F2 provided the best physical evaluation. Antioxidant activity testing of Morus alba root essence showed the inhibition of free radicals with IC50 value of 0.46 mg/mL. The BC-loaded NADES-UAE Morus alba roots essence offers potential benefits for skin health and anti-aging. This research paves the way for developing innovative and effective cosmetic formulations.

Rice bran contains gamma oryzanol, a chemical compound mostly consisted of complex ester trans-ferulate with phytosterols1. Gamma oryzanol has a strong antioxidant activity, explained by the free radical scavenging activity. This study was aimed to determine gamma oryzanol from ethanolic extract of rice bran. Quantitative analysis was conducted using HPLC analysis with mixture of methanol:acetonitrile:isopropanol (50%:40%:10%) as mobile phase and Inertsil ODS-3 5 μm as stationary phase. The UV detector wavelength was set to 327 nm, and the flow rate was set to 1 mL/min2. Gamma oryzanol standard and rice bran ethanolic extract 96% was injected into HPLC system. Ethanolic extract of rice bran (Oryza sativa) sample showed four major peaks as those of gamma oryzanol standard and contained 105,981 ppm of gamma oryzanol. As the conclusion, ethanolic extract of rice bran (Oryza sativa) contains gamma oryzanol

Ethanol extract of Piper crocatum leaves has inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase enzyme. Ethyl acetate fraction from Piper crocatum leaves has the highest antioxidant activity. Previous research has provided information that the ethyl acetate fraction of Piper crocatum leaves has an inhibition of α-glucosidase containing 6XO32ZSP1D, Ethyl L-serinate hydrochloride compound, Schisandrin B compound, Columbin compound, 4- (4-methoxy-phenylamino) -2 compound, 3-dihydro-1H-4a, 9-diazacyclopenta (b) fluorine-10-carbonitrile, compound 6-Amino-4- [3- (benzyloxy) phenyl] -3-tert-butyl-2,4-dihydropyrano [2, 3-c] pyrazole-5-carbonitrile, compound 4 - {{4.6-Bis [(3R, 5S) -3,5-diamino-1-piperydinyl] -1,3,5-triazine-2-yl} amino) benzenesulfonamide and compound 1.1 '- (1,4-butanediyl) bis {2,6-dimethyl-4 - [(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2 (3H) ylidene) methyl] pyridinium. This study aims to study the interaction between bioactive compounds contained in ethyl acetate fraction of Piper crocatum leaves with α-glucosidase enzyme in In Silico using AutoDock Vina, Columbin shows the lowest binding energy with binding sites with amino acids Ser240, Asp242, His280, Arg315, Glu411, Phe159, Arg442, Tyr158 and Phe303. Columbin has the stability and inhibits the α-glucosidase enzyme from S. cerevisiae better than the seven other compounds, because it has OH and CH3 groups which play a role in the interaction with around the active side of the α-glucosidase enzyme.Keywords: Columbin, In Silico, α-Glucosidase

Jumlah penderita kanker kolon yang tinggi mendorong penelitian akan pengobatan yang lebih efektif dan mengurangi efek samping dari pengobatan masa kini, salah satunya adalah dengan pengobatan secara herbal. Kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao) memiliki kandungan pektin yang diketahui dapat menekan pertumbuhan sel kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi aktivitas antikanker kolon dari pektin kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao) pada tikus yang diinduksi dengan 7,12-dimethylbenzen(α)anthrasena (DMBA) dengan dosis 20 mg/kgBB. Tikus dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok yaitu kelompok I kontrol negatif, kelompok II pektin dosis 8 mg/kgBB, kelompok III pektin dosis12 mg/kgBB, dan kelompok IV pektin dosis 16 mg/kgBB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dosis uji tertinggi, yaitu 16 mg/kgBB memberikan aktivitas terbaik dalam memulihkan kembali sel goblet yang rusak akibat induksi dari senyawa karsinogen. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pektin kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao) memiliki potensi aktivitas antikanker kolon pada dosis uji.Kata kunci: DMBA, kulit buah kakao, pektin, sel goblet.Kata kunci: DMBA, kulit buah kakao, pektin, sel goblet

The use of medical therapy in patient with chronic kidney disease stage v, anemia and cholelithiasis needs special attention. The case report aims to discuss the treatment therapy for chronic kidney disease stage v, anemia and cholelithiasis that the patient is currently suffering from. Data collection method is retrospective. The data obtained was then analyzed for Drug Related Problems using a literature review. Based on the results of this analysis, the treatment given to the patient was deemed appropriate. The results of the analysis show that it is necessary to periodically monitor gallstone size, kidney function (serum creatinine and urea) and hemoglobin.

Sweet orange contains flavonoids and citric acid that have the potential as a capping agent in the nanosilver biosynthesis process. The antibacterial activity of silver can be increased in nanoparticles, then it can be applied to treat acne through a peel-off mask preparation. Glycerin and Polyethylene glycol 400 are humectants that combined to obtain good physicochemical properties of the preparation. This study aims to determine the character of nanosilver biosynthesis and the effect of humectant combination on the physicochemical properties of the preparation. The characterization of nanosilver was employed by UV-VIS Spectrophotometry, Particle Size Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscope. The Glycerin- PEG 400 combination was F1 (0:100%); F2 (25:75%); F3 (50:50%); F4 (75:25%) and F5 (100:0%). The results of nanosilver biosynthesis have an absorption peak of nanoparticles at 421-423nm, rod shape, the particle size of 83.2±7.2nm. Statistical analysis showed that the combination of Glycerin- PEG 400 had a significant effect on organoleptic, viscosity, and dry time, but did not affect the pH of preparation. The combination of Glycerin-PEG 400 (75%:25%) is the best formula because it has stable viscosity, dry time, and pH value during storage for four weeks.Keywords: nanosilver, biosynthesis, Citrus sinensis, humectants, peel off mask

Benalu mangga (Dendrophthoe petandra L. Miq.) merupakan obat tradisional yang dapat berkembang menjadi obat herbal terstandar. Pembuktian secara ilmiah mengenai keamanannya penting untuk diketahui, salah satu caranya melalui uji toksisitas akut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai toksisitas akut (LD50), tingkat keamanan ekstrak etanol herba benalu mangga, dan gejala klinis yang ditimbulkannya. Mencit dibagi dalam kelompok kontrol dan kelompok uji dengan lima variasi dosis (4, 8, 16, 32, 64 g/kg berat badan mencit) diberikan secara per oral. Hasil penelitian menggunakan metode analisis probit pada mencit jantan dan betina menunjukkan tingkat keamanan ekstrak etanol herba benalu mangga tidak toksik berdasarkan klasifikasi toksisitas Harmita dan Radji, yakni berada pada rentang dosis > 15 g/kg berat badan tikus. LD50 mencit jantan sebesar 34,28 g/kg berat badan atau setara dengan dosis 23,99 g/kg berat badan tikus, sedangkan pada mencit betina sebesar 22,41 g/kg berat badan atau setara dengan dosis 15,69 g/kg berat badan tikus. Hasil skrining farmakologi menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol herba benalu mangga menimbulkan pengaruh pada sistem saraf pusat yaitu menurunkan efek retablismen dan gelantung pada mencit jantan, serta memberikan efek katalepsi pada mencit betina.Kata kunci: Ekstrak etanol Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq., toksisitas akut, nilai LD50

The field of nanotechnology focuses on systems at the nanometer scale. Nanotechnology is used in the medical field for drug development, medical imaging, and gene therapy. One application of nanotechnology is nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have sizes in the nanometer range, with a scale of 1 to 100 nm. Nanoparticles can be designed to stimulate the immune system and improve the immune response. Literature study using research articles from national and international journals the application Publish or Perish 8 based on the keywords "Immunostimulants, Nanotechnology, nanoparticle, gold nanoparticle, and silver nanoparticle." Based on searching various literature studies, it is proven that nanoparticle preparations can increase immunostimulants with various testing instruments that are often found, namely FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), WHICH (Scanning Electron Microscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), HE HAS (Transmission Electron Microscopy), particle size, zeta potential, and spectroscopy UV-visible. Nanoparticles can be an effective drug delivery system and can help maintain the immune system in the body.

Mosquitoes can carry protozoa, viruses, and worm larvae that can cause various diseases in humans.Mosquito repellent preparations that are widely sold in the market are in the form of lotion preparations.However, most formulas of mosquito repellent products on the market contain DEET (N, N-diethylmeta-toluamide) which has side effects such as symptoms of hypersensitivity, irritation, and urticaria.Male palm flower (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a natural material that contains flavonoid and estragolecompounds that have activity as a mosquito repellent. Therefore, this study aimed to determinethe lotion activity of male palm flower extract (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as an insect repellent. Theprocedure steps in this study include sample preparation, extract making, and lotion formulation withextract concentrations of F1(1%), F2(2%), F3(3%), F4(4%), and F5(5%), evaluation of physicalproperties, test stability and test the protection power of the lotion against mosquitoes. The results ofthe physical properties test showed that the lotion preparation was in the appropriate range with thespecified parameters and was stable at room temperature storage. The results of the effectiveness testshowed that the most effective formula was the F5 which has the best physical properties and a verystrong protective power.

Active ligands usually have low molecular weights (MW). However, paclitaxel, a natural anticancer, has high MW. Some compounds (MW = 750-1000 dalton) in Sea cucumber from TCMSP database have anticancer activity. The objective of study is to obtain docking profile of selected compounds compared to taxol as native. Three of human kinesin-8, were collected from the RCSB database and regenerated by adding hydrogen atoms and charge using the Dock Prep in Chimera. These proteins and selected compounds were prepared to fulfil PyRx's requirement. Molecular docking was performed based on mass center value and grid-box volume from previous studies and resulted vina-score (kcal/mol). Docking data and their 3D conformation were analyzed using PyMOL, PoseView, and PLIP. The native alignment results between docked and original conformation showed that their RMSD value is less than one and only one that has the same three-dimensional conformation. Holothurinoside D, desholothurin B, and 2,4-dehydroechinoside B have a binding affinity of -9.7, -9.4, and -9.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Their value is better or at least the same as the native (-9.3 kcal/mol). Hydrophobic interactions between proteins and ligands occurred at residue of F272, V23, and P360. These results confirm that the anticancer mechanism of these compounds may be through inhibition of kinesin-8. Key words: in silico, sea cucumber, antimitotic, PyRx-vina

Kanker payudara merupakan penyebab utama kedua kematian akibat kanker pada wanita. Berdasarkan data Global Cancer Observatory tahun 2022, terdapat penambahan 66.271 (16,2%) kasus baru kanker payudara di Indonesia dengan jumlah kematian mencapai 22.598 kasus.  Daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum Folium) diketahui memiliki berbagai efek farmakologis contohnya antiproliferatif. Namun, hingga saat ini belum diketahui komponen spesifik dalam daun kemangi yang berkontribusi terhadap efek tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari senyawa daun kemangi yang berpotensi sebagai pengobatan untuk kanker payudara melalui metode penambatan molekuler. Berdasarkan aturan Lipinski, didapatkan hasil bahwa senyawa apigenin, luteolin, eugenol, cirsimaritin, cirsilineol, carvacrol, spathulenol, asam ursolat, linalool, dan asam rosmarinat memenuhi kriteria sebagai senyawa obat. Melalui studi penambatan molekuler didapatkan hasil cirsimaritin sebagai lead compound dengan energi ikatan sebesar -8.19 kcal/mol yang mendekati afinitas ikatan tamoxifen. Terdapat lima interaksi asam amino pada cirsimaritin yang mirip dengan tamoxifen, yaitu tiga ikatan hidrogen pada GLY A : 521; HIS A : 524; GLU A : 353 serta dua ikatan alkil berupa LEU A : 387 dan ILE A : 424. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cirsimaritin memiliki potensi sebagai antikanker payudara melalui penghambatan pada ESR. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi dasar untuk pertimbangan modifikasi lanjutan cirsimaritin sebagai kandidat obat yang potensial.

Starch is a natural biopolymer used as a film-forming polymer on oral thin film (OTF). Its solubility can increase by modifying enzymes to form maltodextrin (MDX). Sorghum is a potential plant because it contains relatively high starch, 72.3-75.1%. The concentration of film-forming and plasticizers in OTF will significantly affect its disintegration and mechanical properties. This study aimed to obtain the optimal formula for OTF cetirizine HCl based on MDX-sorghum as a film-forming and triethyl citrate as a plasticizer using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Sorghum starch was enzymatically modified and characterized physically and mechanically. The formula is optimized based on the disintegration and mechanical properties of the film on the contour plot using Central Composite Design (CCD) in RSM. The percentage error between the predicted and actual values in the response validates the suggested model. The results showed that the production of MDX-sorghum was successful with a characteristic value of dextrose equivalent (DE) 6,3±0,13; swelling power of 2.87; solubility of 52.9%; and a yield of 86.71%. Response data from the 14 formulas obtained include disintegration time of 85-172 seconds, elongation 64.86-109.32%, and tensile strength from 1.4 to 3.57 MPa. The optimal formula suggested a concentration of 4.56% MDX-sorghum and 10% triethyl citrate, with desirability of 0.87. The model validation results show an error percentage of <5%, so the suggested model can be accepted.

Based on previous reports, the combination of captopril and celery could reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This study aimed to investigate the changes of blood pressure, urine volume, sodium, and potassium level, due to concomitant administration of captopril with celery extract orally in male rats induced by 4% NaCl. The blood pressure was measured using a non-invasive tail method. The urine and blood were collected, and the sodium, potassium concentration, and cumulative urine volume were measured. The combination of 5 mg/kgBW of captopril and 40 mg/kgBW of celery extract decreased the blood pressure in hypertensive rats better than 5 mg/kgBW of captopril alone. The fell in blood pressure was followed by an increase in urine volume. Urinary and serum sodium, serum potassium levels tended to increase in all treatment groups, but not significantly different from the healthy group. Urinary potassium levels tended to decrease except in the combined 5 mg/kgBW of captopril and 40 mg/kgBW of celery extract. In conclusion, oral administration of a combination of 5 mg/kgBW captopril and 40 mg/kgBW celery extract decreased the blood pressure to the standard value in NaCl-induced hypertension rats.Keywords: Apium graveolens, captopril, celery, hypertension, pharmacodynamic

Akhir-akhir ini di pasaran farmasi beredar produk gel antiinflamasi golongan NSAID diklofenak dengan bahan aktif yang berbeda. Beberapa produk dibuat menggunakan bahan aktif garam natrium diklofenak, sedangkan industri farmasi lainnya menggunakan bahan aktif garam dietilamin diklofenak. Kedua bahan aktif memiliki perbedaan sifat dan karakter terutama dari sifat kelarutannya dalam air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kemampuan penyerapan (permeabilitas) dari kedua zat aktif tersebut. Metode penelitian meliputi pembuatan gel dengan basis gel HPC (Hidroksi Propil Selulosa), evaluasi sediaan yang meliputi: organoleptis, kadar, pH, dan viskositas. Sediaan gel yang telah memenuhi persyaratan kemudian diuji lebih lanjut permeabilitasnya secara in vitro selama 32 jam dengan sel difusi Franz dan sisa kulit ular phyton (Python reticulates) sebagai membrannya. Hasil evaluasi kualitas sediaan gel  menunjukkan bahwa kedua formula gel dari bahan aktif yang berbeda memiliki kualitas yang memenuhi persyaratan sebagai sediaan gel yang baik. Sedangkan hasil uji permeabilitas in vitro memperlihatkan bahwa kedua bahan aktif memberikan profil yang berbeda danjumlah keterserapan bahan yang berbeda. Dimana setelah 32 jam uji difusi diperoleh sebanyak 20% natrium diklofenak dan 15,5% dietilamin diklofenak. Terlihat bahwa profil dari dietilamin diklofenak memiliki efek depo, sehingga dosis yang digunakan lebih efektif untuk jangka waktu lama.  Kata kunci: Gel, dietilamin diklofenak, natrium diklofenak, permeabilitas

Perintah lockdown yang diberlakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia memaksa masyarakat untuk bisa melakukan swamedikasi yang baik agar dapat menjaga kesehatan maupun mengobati diri sendiri. Sejak tahun 1998 terdapat >60% penduduk Indonesia yang melakukan pengobatan sendiri dan selama masa pandemi (2020) terdapat 72,19% penduduk. Obat herbal juga digunakan masyarakat untuk swamedikasi selama masa pandemi COVID 19. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap sikap dan tindakan dalam pemilihan swamedikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif observasional dengan model penelitian survei yang menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan dengan metode consecutive sampling pada beberapa RW di Kelurahan Pademangan Barat, Jakarta Utara, Indonesia dengan jumlah 100 responden. Responden diberikan kuesioner untuk menilai tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan mereka dalam memilih pengobatan sendiri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden mempunyai sikap positif terhadap kedua jenis pengobatan mandiri, baik konvensional maupun herbal (89% & 97%). Terdapat 21% responden yang memilih menggunakan obat konvensional dan 17% memilih obat herbal. Sedangkan 58% responden memilih menggunakan kedua jenis pengobatan mandiri dan 4% tidak menggunakan pengobatan mandiri. Namun tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan sikap dan tindakan responden (p value >0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar responden mempunyai pengetahuan yang baik dan sikap yang positif, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa responden mempunyai kecenderungan untuk melakukan pengobatan sendiri dengan menggunakan obat konvensional atau herbal, namun hasil pengujian tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan antar variabel.